Surgeons use an __________ incision to incise the superficial aspect of the periosteum and then excise a wide segment of the rib required to enter the thoracic cavity and remove a lung.

____________ ribs have clinical significance in that they may confuse the identification of vertebral levels in radiographs and other diagnostic images.

_____________ refers to dislocation of the costochondral junction between the rib and its costal cartilage.

The inferior attachment of the innermost intercostal muscle is ___________.

The scalene muscles of the neck, which descend from vertebrae of the neck to the 1st and 2nd ribs, act primarily on the __________.

To gain access to the thoracic cavity for surgical operations in the mediastinum, the sternum is divided in the _________ plane and ___________.

The inferior attachment of the external intercostal muscle is ___________.

Anatomists refer to the superior thoracic aperture as the ___________.

The surgical creation of an opening through the thoracic wall to enter a pleural cavity is known as ___________.

The inferior attachment of the transversus thoracis muscle is ___________.

The inferior attachment of the serratus posterior superior muscle is ___________.

The ___________ consist of four or five slips that radiate superolaterally from the posterior aspect of the inferior sternum.

The superior attachment of the serratus posterior inferior muscle is _____________.

The axio-appendicular muscles act primarily on the ___________.

There are ___________ pairs of intercostal muscles in the thoracic wall.

___________ is the displacement of a costal cartilage from the sternum.

The __________ muscles occupy the intercostal spaces.

Which of the following is fractured when a driver's chest is forced into the steering column during automobile accidents?

The 1st rib can be easily fractured.

The external intercostals are most active during expiration.

After sternotomy, the halves of the sternum are usually joined using ___________.

The ____________ are 12 fan-shaped muscles that elevate the ribs.

A fracture of the sternal body is usually a ____________.

Which of the following muscles does not serve as an accessory muscle of respiration?

The posterolateral aspects of the __________ intercostal spaces are important sites for posterior thoracotomy incisions.

___________ muscles extend from the thoracic cage to bones of the upper limb.

The innermost intercostals are separated from the internal intercostals by ____________.

During passive expiration, the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other muscles _________, _________ intrathoracic volume and _________ the intrathoracic pressure.

The superior attachment of the internal intercostal muscle is _____________.

The inferior attachment of the internal intercostal muscle is ___________.

The inferior attachment of the subcostal muscle is ___________.

A ____________  is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity due to a defect within the diaphragm.

The superior attachment of the transversus thoracis muscle is ___________.

The superior attachment of the serratus posterior superior muscle is _____________.

The weakest part of a rib is just anterior to its ___________.

The superior attachment of the subcostal muscle is _____________.

The internal intercostals are most active during expiration.

Loss of innervation from the __________ can cause paralysis of half of the diaphragm.

The superior attachment of the innermost intercostal muscle is _____________.

Which of the following is not a true muscle of the thoracic wall?

____________ provide resilience to the thoracic cage, preventing many blows from fracturing the sternum and/or ribs.

____________ is surgical removal of a lung.

The superior attachment of levator costarum muscle is ____________.

The mortality (death rate) associated with sternal fractures is ____________.

The inferior attachment of the levator costarum muscle is ___________.

The inferior attachment of the serratus posterior inferior muscle is ___________.

Clinicians refer to the superior thoracic aperture as the ____________.

The superior attachment of the external intercostal muscle is _____________.

People who have had a heart attack usually describe the associated pain as a ____________ sub-sternal pain.

Expiration is __________ unless one is exhaling against resistance.